首页 › Docker › Docker Compose（在新窗口打开） › LNMP 栈实战

用 Compose 编排一个完整的 LNMP 环境（Nginx + PHP-FPM + MySQL + Redis），覆盖 Web 后端、数据库和缓存的典型组合。

项目结构

project/
├── compose.yml
├── nginx/
│   └── default.conf
├── php/
│   └── Dockerfile
├── app/
│   └── index.php
└── .env

compose.yml

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "8080:80"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/default.conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf:ro
      - ./app:/var/www/html:ro
    depends_on:
      - php
    networks:
      - frontend
      - backend

  php:
    build:
      context: ./php
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
    volumes:
      - ./app:/var/www/html
    environment:
      - DB_HOST=${DB_HOST}
      - DB_NAME=${DB_NAME}
      - DB_USER=${DB_USER}
      - DB_PASSWORD=${DB_PASSWORD}
      - REDIS_HOST=redis
    depends_on:
      mysql:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started
    networks:
      - backend

  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.4
    volumes:
      - mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${DB_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${DB_NAME}
      MYSQL_USER: ${DB_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${DB_PASSWORD}
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
    networks:
      - backend

  redis:
    image: redis:alpine
    volumes:
      - redis-data:/data
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "redis-cli", "ping"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 3
    networks:
      - backend

volumes:
  mysql-data:
  redis-data:

networks:
  frontend:
  backend:

nginx/default.conf

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name localhost;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass php:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
}

php/Dockerfile

FROM php:8.3-fpm-alpine

RUN docker-php-ext-install pdo_mysql mysqli

RUN apk add --no-cache \
    && pecl install redis \
    && docker-php-ext-enable redis

COPY --from=composer:latest /usr/bin/composer /usr/bin/composer

WORKDIR /var/www/html

app/index.php

<?php
// Database connection test
try {
    $pdo = new PDO(
        "mysql:host={$_ENV['DB_HOST']};dbname={$_ENV['DB_NAME']}",
        $_ENV['DB_USER'],
        $_ENV['DB_PASSWORD']
    );
    echo "✓ MySQL connected<br>";
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    echo "✗ MySQL: " . $e->getMessage() . "<br>";
}

// Redis connection test
try {
    $redis = new Redis();
    $redis->connect('redis', 6379);
    $redis->set('test', 'Hello from Redis!');
    echo "✓ Redis connected: " . $redis->get('test') . "<br>";
} catch (Exception $e) {
    echo "✗ Redis: " . $e->getMessage() . "<br>";
}

phpinfo();

.env

DB_HOST=mysql
DB_NAME=lnmp_app
DB_USER=appuser
DB_PASSWORD=apppass
DB_ROOT_PASSWORD=rootpass

启动

# 构建并启动
docker compose up -d

# 查看状态
docker compose ps

# 访问 http://localhost:8080

# 查看日志
docker compose logs -f

# 停止
docker compose down -v

小结

• LNMP 栈的 Compose 编排：Nginx 暴露端口 + 反向代理 PHP-FPM；PHP 连接 MySQL 和 Redis；MySQL 和 Redis 通过 named volume 持久化数据。
• Nginx 通过 fastcgi_pass php:9000 与服务名互联。
• depends_on: condition: service_healthy 确保 MySQL 就绪后 PHP 才连接。
• .env 文件管理敏感信息，不提交到 Git（需加入 .gitignore）。
• 网络隔离：Nginx 连接 frontend（对外）和 backend（对内）；PHP/MySQL/Redis 仅在 backend 内部通信。

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